The Human Development Index in Historical Perspective: Italy from Political Unification to the Present Day

The aim of this research is to provide a long run estimate of the Human Development Index (HDI) for Italy. To this purpose we have reconstructed Italian historical series relative to life expectancy, literacy rate, school enrolment rates and income. All the series presented are the result of a study which has produced, starting from primary sources, original series disaggregated to the regional level. The possibility of having, for Italy, a basis of comparison with the main developed countries has permitted us to show that, even though there has been significant progress in the values of the single variables, the country has not appreciably improved its position in the world ranking. This seems to be due, in large part, to the trend of the education variables that displays values decidedly distant from those of the main industrialized countries. As far as regional trends are concerned, we can observe a slow process of alignment of the values of the Southern regions to the values of the other Italian regions for levels of education and longevity, while income levels for the 1990s still remain quite distant.

Istituzioni e Governance Cooperativa

Nella distribuzione delle forme organizzative di impresa quelle in società per azioni prevalgono su quelle cooperative. Si ritiene ciò sia dovuto alla maggiore efficienza del regime di proprietà individuale rispetto a quello di proprietà comune. Partendo da questo assunto, il paper si propone di rispondere alle domande seguenti. Se quest’ultima affermazione è vera, perché la forma di impresa cooperativa non scompare? E’ possibile ritenere che il codice civile e la costituzione offrano tutela ed incentivi ad una forma organizzativa inefficiente? Portando l’attenzione sui nessi tra proprietà e controllo dell’impresa, il paper evidenzia come sia in questi - più che nel regime proprietario - che l’impresa cooperativa trovi sia la ragion d’essere, sia la capacità di confronto competitivo con le altre forme di impresa. In particolare, sottolinea come istituzioni e governance cooperativa formino un insieme di complementarietà istituzionale in grado di generare oltre ai beni prodotti, anche un modo di produrli: la reciprocità condizionale, che in quanto assimilabile a un bene pubblico è in grado, sotto la corretta struttura di incentivi, di ridurre i costi di transazione e consentire la continuità dell’impresa nel tempo.

Abatement of 1,2,4-trichlorobencene by wet peroxide oxidation catalysed by goethite and enhanced by visible led light at neutral ph

There is significant environmental concern about chlorinated organic compounds (COCs) in wastewater, surface water, and groundwater due to their low biodegradability and high persistence. In this work, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (124-TCB) was selected as a model compound to study its abatement using wet peroxide oxidation at neutral pH with goethite as a heterogeneous catalyst, which was enhanced with visible monochromatic light-emitting diode (LED) light (470 nm). A systematic study of the main operating variables (oxidant and catalyst concentration and irradiance) was accomplished to investigate their influence in the abatement of 124-TCB in water. The reaction was carried out in a well-mixed reactor of glass irradiated by a visible LED light. The hydrogen peroxide concentration was tested from 0 to 18 mM, the goethite concentration within the range 0.1–1.0 g·L−1 and the irradiance from 0.10 to 0.24 W·cm−2 at neutral pH. It was found that this oxidation method is a very efficient technique to abate 124-TCB, reaching a pollutant conversion of 0.9 when using 0.1 g·L−1 of goethite, 18 mM of H2O2, and 0.24 of W·cm−2 . Moreover, the system performance was evaluated using the photonic efficiency (ratio of the moles of 124-TCB abated and the moles of photons arriving at the reactor window). The maximum photonic efficiencies were obtained using the lowest lamp powers and moderate to high catalyst loads.Fil: Lorenzo, David. Universidad Complutense de Madrid; EspañaFil: Santos, Aurora. Universidad Complutense de Madrid; EspañaFil: Sánchez-Yepes, Andrés. Universidad Complutense de Madrid; EspañaFil: Conte, Leandro Oscar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química; ArgentinaFil: Domínguez, Carmen María. Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Españ

Vis LED Photo-Fenton Degradation of 124-Trichlorobenzene at a Neutral pH Using Ferrioxalate as Catalyst

Chlorinated organic compounds (COCs) are among the more toxic organic compounds frequently found in soil and groundwater. Among these, toxic and low-degradable chlorobenzenes are commonly found in the environment. In this work, an innovative process using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant, ferrioxalate as the catalyst and a visible light-emitting diode lamp (Vis LED) were applied to successfully oxidize 124-trichlorobenzene (124-TCB) in a saturated aqueous solution of 124-TCB (28 mg L−1) at a neutral pH. The influence of a hydrogen peroxide (HP) concentration (61.5–612 mg L−1), Fe3+ (Fe) dosage (3–10 mg L−1), and irradiation level (Rad) (I = 0.12 W cm−2 and I = 0.18 W cm−2) on 124-TCB conversion and dechlorination was studied. A D–Optimal experimental design combined with response surface methodology (RSM) was implemented to maximize the quality of the information obtained. The ANOVA test was used to assess the significance of the model and its coefficients. The maximum pollutant conversion at 180 min (98.50%98.50%) was obtained with Fe = 7 mg L−1, HP = 305 mg L−1, and I = 0.12 W cm−2. The effect of two inorganic anions usually presents in real groundwater (bicarbonate and chloride, 600 mg L−1 each) was investigated under those optimized operating conditions. A slight reduction in the 124-TCB conversion after 180 min of reaction was noticed in the presence of bicarbonate (8.31%) and chloride (7.85%). Toxicity was studied with Microtox® (Azur Environmental, Carlsbad, CA, USA) bioassay, and a remarkable toxicity decrease was found in the treated samples, with the inhibition proportional to the remaining 124-TCB concentration. That means that nontoxic byproducts are produced in agreement with the high dechlorination degrees noticed.Depto. de Ingeniería Química y de MaterialesFac. de Ciencias QuímicasTRUEUnión EuropeaComunidad de MadridMinisterio de Ciencia, Innovaciónpu

Elementos para el diseño de un proceso para descontaminación de aguas residuales empleando energía solar

Los residuos de agroquímicos contenidos en envases vacíos son una fuente de contaminación para el agua y el suelo. Cuando estos envases son reciclados, el agua residual de lavado puede descontaminarse aplicando el proceso foto- Fenton (PFF) asistido con energía solar. Este artículo analiza aspectos relacionados con el PFF-solar, el recurso solar disponible y la influencia de diferentes variables en la degradación de los contaminantes. Se describen los colectores solares y los reactores aplicables al proceso, y se presenta un esquema básico para el tratamiento y reuso de las aguas residuales. El proceso propuesto incluye la captación de la radiación solar en colectores integrados, y la radiación solar fotoquímica y térmica en reactores de descontaminación.The agrochemical residues contained in empty containers are a source of contamination for water and soil. When these containers are recycled residual wash water can be decontaminated using photo-Fenton process (PFF) assisted with solar energy. This article discusses issues related to the PFP-solar, the solar resource available and the influence of different variables on the degradation of pollutants. It describes the solar collectors and reactors applicable to the process, and a basic scheme for treatment and reuse of wastewaters is presented. The proposed process includes the captation of solar radiation in integrated collectors, and photochemical and thermal radiation in decontamination reactors.Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente (ASADES

Tratamiento de un herbicida comercial por el proceso foto-Fenton

En este trabajo se estudia la degradación Fenton y foto-Fenton del herbicida 2,4-D. El dispositivo experimental es un foto-reactor tanque bien agitado, isotérmico, irradiado desde el fondo. Con un modelo teórico se verifica el efecto beneficioso de la radiación, la concentración de hierro y la temperatura sobre la degradación para el principio activo (ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético). Para el herbicida comercial (2,4-D amina), se obtiene una conversión del carbono orgánico total (COT) cercana al 90%, usando sólo para elevadas concentraciones de hierro (10 ppm) y altos valores de la relación entre las concentraciones iniciales de peróxido de hidrógeno y el contaminante (R=50). En cambio para el principio activo, la reducción del COT es 85%, con una concentración de hierro de 1 ppm y R=28,5. Bajo las condiciones especificadas para el herbicida comercial, la eficiencia cuántica absoluta del proceso es 0,385 mol/ Eins y la eficiencia cuántica aparente es 0,422 mol/ Eins.This work studies the Fenton and photo-Fenton degradation of the herbicide 2, 4-D. The experimental device is a well-stirred tank photoreactor irradiated from the bottom. The beneficial effects of temperature, radiation and iron concentration on the degradation of the active principle (2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) are verified with a theoretical model. For the commercial herbicide (2, 4-D amine), was obtained a reduction near to the 90% of the total organic carbon (TOC) only using iron concentration of 10 ppm and high value of initial hydrogen peroxide to contaminant ratio (R=50). On the other hand for the active principle (2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), a TOC conversion of 85% is obtained with iron concentration of 1 ppm and R= 28.5. Under the conditions specified for the commercial herbicide, the absolute quantum efficiency of the process is 0.385 mol /Eins and the apparent quantum efficiency is 0.422 mol /Eins.Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente (ASADES

Kinetic model of photo-Fenton degradation of paracetamol in an annular reactor: main reaction intermediates and cytotoxicity studies

A kinetic model derived from a simplified reaction sequence is proposed for the photo-Fenton degradation of Paracetamol (PCT), employing an annular photoreactor. The kinetic model explicitly included the effects of radiation absorption on pollutant degradation kinetics through the evaluation of the Local Volumetric Rate of Photon Absorption (LVRPA). Irradiated experiments achieved an average PCT conversion of 99.3% at 5 min of reaction, and a maximum of 69% of mineralization. Conversely, non-irradiated experiments reached an average PCT conversion of 86.6% at 5 min of reaction, and a maximum of 35% of mineralization. Kinetic parameters (, ,M-1s-1) were estimated employing a nonlinear, multi-parameter regression method, and the validated kinetic model was used to predict temporal variations of the concentrations of HP, PCT, and the main reaction intermediates: hydroquinone (HQ) and 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ). The root mean square error (RMSE) values obtained for HP, PCT, HP, HQ and BQ were 1.16¿×¿10-2, 7.13¿×¿10-1, 3.53¿×¿10-3, 3.05¿×¿10-3 mM, respectively, showing a good agreement between experimental and predicted data. Moreover, the kinetic model was validated with a new set of experimental tests, confirming its predictive capacity. Beyond the degree of mineralization attained, additional cytotoxicity tests proved that the photo-Fenton process is effective in generating a non-toxic effluent under the operating variables investigated.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Programa multimídia para ensino de resistência dos materiais : implementação computacional

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Estilos de aprendizaje a lo largo de la trayectoria académica FOLP-UNLP

Introducción: Los estilos de aprendizaje tienen diversas explicaciones dentro del ámbito psicológico y educativo pero se pueden sintetizar diciendo que es la manera en que el cerebro reacciona a las diferentes situaciones y el individuo responde a los estímulos del ambiente. El estudiante puede emplear incluso combinaciones de estilos y con el paso de los años, se consolidará un estilo particular, que no es más que la suma de experiencias anteriores. Podemos nombrar cuatro clases de estilos según Honey y Mumford: Activo; Teórico; Pragmático; Reflexivo. Objetivos: Determinar los estilos de aprendizaje de la población estudiantil de 1er año de la FOLP; Analizar los cambios ocurridos en el transcurso del proyecto.Facultad de Odontologí

Estilos de aprendizaje y rendimiento académico de estudiantes de la carrera de Odontología de la FOUNLP

Cada persona se caracteriza por aprender de una forma diferente a la del resto. El concepto de aprender significa “un cambio perdurable de la conducta o la capacidad de conducirse de manera dada como resultado de la práctica o de otras formas de experiencia”. Este proceso se ve influenciado por diversas variables, una de ellas, los denominados estilos de aprendizaje, que, junto con otras variables como habilidades sociales, entorno personal, autoconcepto, etc., estarían vinculadas con el rendimiento de los estudiantes. El objetivo fue analizar los Estilos de Aprendizaje de alumnos de Odontología y su vinculación con el Rendimiento Académico. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal y relacional en 208 alumnos matriculados entre los años 2019 a 2020. Se utilizó el cuestionario CHAEA de Estilos de Aprendizaje de Honey y Alonso. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la prueba ji Cuadrado y la prueba ANOVA con comparaciones planificadas, para determinar si existían diferencias significativas entre rendimiento académico y estilo de aprendizaje.Facultad de Odontologí